<\/span><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.0.50″ parallax=”off” parallax_method=”on”][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/wesleyschan.com\/portfolio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/Screen-Shot-2016-01-07-at-10.35.46-AM.png” title_text=”Figure 1: Pedestrian negotiating safe passage with a bus on the university campus.” animation=”off” _builder_version=”3.0.50″][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.0.50″]<\/p>\n
Figure 1, above: A pedestrian jaywalking & running across Voigt Dr. on the university campus. The pedestrian makes eye contact with the bus driver before proceeding to run across the road.\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding=”0px|0px|25.25px|0px” _builder_version=”3.0.50″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.0.50″ parallax=”off” parallax_method=”on”][et_pb_divider color=”#000000″ show_divider=”on” _builder_version=”3.0.50″][\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.0.50″][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.0.50″ parallax=”off” parallax_method=”on”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.0.50″]<\/p>\n
Interviewing Road Users on Road User Behavior<\/h4>\n
After conducting our ethnographic research, we brought participants to our lab and gave semi-structured interviews. <\/span><\/p>\nGoal:\u00a0<\/b>We built this rich vocabulary, but we wanted to validate it and understand how everyday people talk about behavior and interaction on the road. And what would they notice that we haven’t?<\/span><\/p>\nRole:\u00a0<\/strong>I conducted 20 lab interviews, between 30 minutes – 1 hour for each session. I was responsible for participant recruitment, setting up the lab equipment and study, and for transcribing the interviews with the team.\u00a0<\/p>\nMethods Used:\u00a0<\/strong>talk-aloud procedure, stimulated recall, semi-structured interviewing, participant recruitment.<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.0.50″ parallax=”off” parallax_method=”on”][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/wesleyschan.com\/portfolio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/3-1.png” animation=”off” _builder_version=”3.0.50″][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.0.50″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.0.50″ parallax=”off” parallax_method=”on”][et_pb_divider color=”#000000″ show_divider=”on” _builder_version=”3.0.50″][\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding=”25.25px|0px|0px|0px” _builder_version=”3.0.50″][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.0.50″ parallax=”off” parallax_method=”on”][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/wesleyschan.com\/portfolio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/IMG_2344.jpg” animation=”off” _builder_version=”3.0.50″][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.0.50″ parallax=”off” parallax_method=”on”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.0.50″]<\/p>\n
Using Driving Simulator Experiments to Quantify the effects of Advice + Downstream Information on Behavior<\/h4>\n
Scenario:<\/strong> You are a driver in an unfamiliar place, with seen and unseen dangers (construction zones, slippery road conditions, incoming ambulances). What role could an Intelligent Driver Support System play in helping you navigate the road in a safe and efficient manner?\u00a0<\/p>\n(This simulator experiment was a research collaboration with Toyota).<\/span><\/p>\nApproach:\u00a0<\/b>We repurposed an old police training simulator and created different traffic events within the simulator route. We made three experimental conditions, and one control. The experimental conditions affected the types of location and time-sensitive messages participants would hear as they drove through the simulator world:<\/p>\n
1. Advice Only (e.g. “slow down”, “merge to the left lane”)
2. Information Only (e.g. “slippery road conditions ahead”)
3. Information + Advice
4. Control (no messages).\u00a0<\/p>\n
Role:\u00a0<\/strong>I recruited 40+ participants and ran 40+ simulator experiments. I was responsible for data collection, simulator troubleshooting (the machine was buggy), and synthesizing the survey data. After the experiment, I worked with the rest of the team to craft a narrative out of the raw data.<\/p>\nResult:\u00a0<\/strong>A full report and presentation to\u00a0Toyota, and an extended abstract based on the simulator experiment to HFES 2017.<\/p>\nMethods Used: <\/strong>qualitative + quantitative\u00a0surveys, participant recruitment, Wizard of Oz prototyping<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
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[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.0.50″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.0.50″ parallax=”off” parallax_method=”on”][et_pb_divider color=”#000000″ show_divider=”on” _builder_version=”3.0.50″][\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding=”25.25px|0px|25px|0px” _builder_version=”3.0.50″][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.0.50″ parallax=”off” parallax_method=”on”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.0.50″]<\/p>\n
“The Self-Driving Golf Cart”<\/h2>\nUsing Wizard-Oz-Techniques to Explore AV Communication<\/h4>\n
Challenge:\u00a0<\/strong>Autonomous vehicles won’t be able to gesture and maintain eye contact\u00a0like<\/g> human beings can, giving one less method of resolving ambiguous traffic situations on the road. In the absence of any direct communication from the autonomous vehicle, how will human pedestrians react?\u00a0<\/p>\nApproach: <\/strong>Since we did not have access to an autonomous vehicle, we decided to outfit a golf cart with one-way mirrors and asked the driver to drive in a “robotic manner” (no erratic movements, following a pre-determined track), thereby concealing fact<\/g> that there is a human operator.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nGoal #1: A moveable art exhibit.\u00a0<\/strong>Stir public interest in the design lab’s research, and showcase the diverse projects being explored in San Diego as part of the city’s first public Design Forward <\/em>event. <\/span>The event was attended by families, designers, and industry leaders in San Diego\u00a0<\/span>county<\/g>. In this sense, the self-driving golf cart was “an art exhibit”.<\/span><\/p>\nGoal #2: Generate research questions. <\/strong>A Wizard-of-Oz pilot experiment like this can’t falsify a hypothesis, but initial observations can help generate new questions to pursue in future experiments.\u00a0We didn’t want to waste\u00a0this opportunity to gauge public reactions to “autonomous vehicles”. Would people even notice that the golf cart was “self-driving” in the first place? And if they did, how would they behave differently? Or not?<\/span><\/p>\nResult:<\/strong>\u00a0Most people cross in front of the cart as if nothing unusual was going on. Perhaps direct communication between the driver and pedestrian is not as critical to negotiation<\/g> of safe passage as we once thought it was? Our observations served as the inspiration for the next iteration of the self-driving golf cart — the “seat suit” project.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
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[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.0.50″ parallax=”off” parallax_method=”on”][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/wesleyschan.com\/portfolio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/IMG_3175.jpg” animation=”off” _builder_version=”3.0.50″][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.0.50″][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.0.50″ parallax=”off” parallax_method=”on”][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/wesleyschan.com\/portfolio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/IMG_3177.jpg” animation=”off” _builder_version=”3.0.50″][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.0.50″ parallax=”off” parallax_method=”on”][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/wesleyschan.com\/portfolio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/IMG_3188.jpg” animation=”off” _builder_version=”3.0.50″][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.0.50″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.0.50″ parallax=”off” parallax_method=”on”][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/wesleyschan.com\/portfolio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/IMG_3190.jpg” animation=”off” _builder_version=”3.0.50″][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding=”25.25px|0px|0px|0px” _builder_version=”3.0.50″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.0.50″ parallax=”off” parallax_method=”on”][et_pb_divider color=”#000000″ show_divider=”on” _builder_version=”3.0.50″][\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.0.50″][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.0.50″ parallax=”off” parallax_method=”on”][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/wesleyschan.com\/portfolio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/IMG_4996.jpg” animation=”off” _builder_version=”3.0.50″][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.0.50″ parallax=”off” parallax_method=”on”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.0.50″]<\/p>\n
“The Seat Suit”<\/h2>\nUsing Wizard-of-Oz Techniques to Explore AV Communication<\/h4>\n
After the self-driving golf cart experiment, we wanted to expand our pilot study beyond Broadway Pier (a closed environment with pedestrian\u00a0traffic), and into public roads with cars, bicyclists, and pedestrians all in the same place.<\/span><\/p>\nWhy:\u00a0<\/strong>After conducting\u00a0our ethnography of communication in\u00a0urban\u00a0road environments, we had a\u00a0hunch that vehicle motion and position played a larger role in road user communication than we originally expected. Eye contact and direct signaling via gesture<\/g> (<\/span>e.g. hand waving) was<\/g>\u00a0<\/span>not as common as we originally thought. Many people don’t even look at the driver or confirm that the vehicle has made a full stop when they determine that it’s safe to cross.\u00a0<\/p>\nMethod: <\/strong>We made a homemade seat-suit with wire mesh and seat fabric, and put our lead researcher Colleen Emmenegger inside. (Malte and I wouldn’t fit anyway). Colleen would then drive around campus roads, downtown La Jolla, and Clairemont (suburban San Diego neighborhood) while wearing the seat suit. Malte Risto and I would sit in the back row of the car, watching for incoming traffic and pedestrians. We attached three cameras to the roof of the car to gauge public reactions — one camera facing the rear, and two cameras facing the left and right halves of the front bumper.<\/p>\nResult: <\/strong>What’s surprising is that most pedestrians were not surprised at all by the\u00a0vehicle setup — they crossed the street as they normally would, even waving to the “empty” seat. Drivers in four-way stop intersections would do the same. Pedestrians that noticed there was “no one” in the front seat usually only noticed after they had crossed the street, or if they were in a position where negotiation of safe passage on the road was not critical.\u00a0<\/p>\nThis exploratory study gave further evidence for the primacy of vehicle movement and position in communicating intent on the road, as opposed to human gesturing and eye contact. There was also a press release in the San Diego Union-Tribune featuring this particular part of the project, featuring interviews with Colleen Emmenegger and Don Norman.<\/p>\n
Bonus:<\/strong> Only one pedestrian flipped the car off during the video recording.<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.0.50″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.0.50″ parallax=”off” parallax_method=”on”][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/wesleyschan.com\/portfolio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/IMG_5045.jpg” animation=”off” _builder_version=”3.0.50″][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding=”25px|0px|0px|0px” module_id=”nyc-bicycle-communication” _builder_version=”3.0.50″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.0.50″ parallax=”off” parallax_method=”on”][et_pb_divider color=”#000000″ show_divider=”on” _builder_version=”3.0.50″][\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.0.50″][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.0.50″ parallax=”off” parallax_method=”on”][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/wesleyschan.com\/portfolio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/NYC_bicycle__setup.jpeg” animation=”off” _builder_version=”3.0.50″][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/wesleyschan.com\/portfolio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/2017-06-07-3.png” animation=”off” _builder_version=”3.0.50″][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/wesleyschan.com\/portfolio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/2017-05-23-1.png” animation=”off” _builder_version=”3.0.50″][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.0.50″ parallax=”off” parallax_method=”on”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.0.50″]<\/p>\n
Side Project: New York City – Bicyclist Communication (Nov. 2016)<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/strong><\/p>\nWhat:\u00a0<\/strong>Bicyclists are among the most vulnerable people in an urban road environment. They ride fast, have little armor, and often lack cultural and infrastructural protection in cities within the United States.<\/span><\/p>\nGiven this, how does an expert bicyclist navigate and communicate with human drivers in New York City traffic? And how may those communication patterns differ from a novice bicyclist?<\/span><\/p>\nSpecial thanks to my dear friend and collaborator Brian Marron (Trinity University, Ireland) for participating as the expert bicyclist, and to Sean Marron for letting me borrow his bike.<\/span><\/p>\nMethod: <\/strong>For a first-person perspective\u00a0I attached a camera to the handlebar of the chase bicycle. I rode the chase bicycle and followed Brian as he went on his daily commute to work. He lived in the city for over a year at that point,<\/g> and thus was the “expert bicyclist”. My only prompt to Brian: “Just bicycle as you normally would.”<\/p>\nOver 1 hour of cycling\u00a0footage was collected. We started in Brooklyn, made our way over the Williamsburg Bridge into Manhattan, and ended in Central Park. \u00a0<\/p>\n
Takeaways:<\/strong>\u00a0In high-traffic areas and areas with multiple directions of movement, often there is not enough time for the bicyclist to make directed signals to drivers. Upon reviewing the collected footage, there were two scenarios when I saw direct signaling between the expert bicyclist and New York City drivers:<\/p>\n1. When the bicyclist was stopped at an intersection and needed to make a turn through oncoming traffic (e.g. making a left turn).<\/p>\n
2. When the bicyclist broadcasted their intent to make a lane change by extending the respective arm. Sometimes the bicyclist would check their\u00a0rear to confirm that the path is clear, but whether they were trying to make eye contact with drivers or only checking for the presence of a vehicle is unclear.<\/p>\n
Summary:\u00a0<\/strong>Signaling and eye contact with drivers is minimal, and it seems that expert bicyclists rely more on the motion and direction of the vehicle as a cue to\u00a0proceed, rather than directed gesture and established eye contact.\u00a0<\/p>\nFuture studies involving first-person eye tracking glasses — glasses that could capture both the bicyclist’s field of vision and wherever their eyes are focused — could address that question. I could also follow more bicyclists instead of only one if I’d like to do more than generate<\/g> potential research questions.<\/p>\n\n
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[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.0.50″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.0.50″ parallax=”off” parallax_method=”on”][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/wesleyschan.com\/portfolio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/2017-06-07-1.png” animation=”off” _builder_version=”3.0.50″][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”section” _builder_version=”3.0.47″][et_pb_row custom_padding=”25px|0px|0px|0px” admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.0.47″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.0.47″ parallax=”off” parallax_method=”on”][et_pb_text admin_label=”Text” _builder_version=”3.0.50″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” custom_padding=”|||”] Autonomous Vehicle CommunicationHow might autonomous vehicles communicate with human beings in urban environments? [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.0.50″][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.0.50″ parallax=”off” parallax_method=”on”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.0.50″] [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.0.50″] Human beings can wave, hold eye contact, and make all sorts of gestures […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-74","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/P8O2gV-1c","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/wesleyschan.com\/portfolio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/74","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/wesleyschan.com\/portfolio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/wesleyschan.com\/portfolio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/wesleyschan.com\/portfolio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/wesleyschan.com\/portfolio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=74"}],"version-history":[{"count":51,"href":"http:\/\/wesleyschan.com\/portfolio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/74\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":622,"href":"http:\/\/wesleyschan.com\/portfolio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/74\/revisions\/622"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/wesleyschan.com\/portfolio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=74"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}